Using Verb Tenses in Chinese

Western languages such as English have several ways to express tense. The most common are verb conjunctions which change the form of the verb depending on the time frame. For example, the English verb eat can be changed to ate for past actions and eating for current actions. Mandarin Chinese does not have any verb conjugations. All verbs have a single form. For example, the verb for eat is Ã¥ Æ' (chÄ «), which can be used for the past, present, and future. Despite the lack of Mandarin verb conjugations, there are other ways to express timeframes in Mandarin Chinese. State the Date The simplest way to  clarify which tense you are speaking in is to directly state the time expression (like today, tomorrow, yesterday) as part of the sentence. In Chinese, this is usually at the beginning of the sentence. For example: æ˜ ¨Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã¥ Æ'è ± ¬Ã¨â€šâ€°Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¦Ëœ ¨Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã¥ Æ'çÅ' ªÃ¨â€šâ€°Ã£â‚¬â€šZuà ³tiÄ n wÇ’ chÄ « zhÃ… « rà ²u.Yesterday I ate pork. Once the timeframe is established, it is understood and can be omitted from the rest of the conversation. Completed Actions The particle ä ºâ€  (le) is used to indicate that an action occurred in the past and has been completed. Like the time expression, it can be omitted once the timeframe has been established: (æ˜ ¨Ã¥ ¤ ©)我å Æ'è ± ¬Ã¨â€šâ€°Ã¤ ºâ€ Ã£â‚¬â€š(æ˜ ¨Ã¥ ¤ ©)我å Æ'çÅ' ªÃ¨â€šâ€°Ã¤ ºâ€ Ã£â‚¬â€š(Zuà ³tiÄ n) wÇ’ chÄ « zhÃ… « rà ²u le.(Yesterday) I ate pork. The particle ä ºâ€  (le) can also be used for the immediate future, so be careful of its usage and be sure to understand both functions. Past Experience When you have done something in the past, this action can be described with the verb-suffix  Ã© Å½ / è ¿â€¡ (guà ²). For example, if you want to say that you have already seen the movie Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (è‡ ¥Ã¨â„¢Å½Ã¨â€" Ã© ¾ /Ã¥  §Ã¨â„¢Å½Ã¨â€" Ã© ¾â„¢ - wà ² hÇ” cà ¡ng long), you can say: 我å · ²Ã§ ¶â€œÃ§Å"‹é Å½Ã¨â€¡ ¥Ã¨â„¢Å½Ã¨â€" Ã© ¾ Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã¥ · ²Ã§ » Ã§Å"‹è ¿â€¡Ã¥  §Ã¨â„¢Å½Ã¨â€" Ã© ¾â„¢WÇ’ yÇ jÄ «ng kà  n guà ² wà ² hÇ” cà ¡ng long. Unlike the particle ä ºâ€  (le), the verb suffix guà ² (é Å½ / è ¿â€¡) is used to talk about an unspecific past. If you want to say that you saw the movie Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon yesterday, you would say: æ˜ ¨Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã§Å"‹è‡ ¥Ã¨â„¢Å½Ã¨â€" Ã© ¾ Ã¤ ºâ€ Ã¦Ëœ ¨Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã§Å"‹å  §Ã¨â„¢Å½Ã¨â€" Ã© ¾â„¢Ã¤ ºâ€ Zuà ³tiÄ n wÇ’ kà  n wà ² hÇ” cà ¡ng là ³ng le. Completed Actions In The Future As mentioned above, the particle ä ºâ€  (le) can be used for the future as well as the past. When used with a time expression such as 明å ¤ © (mà ­ngtÄ «an - tomorrow), the meaning is similar to the English perfective. Take for instance: 明å ¤ ©Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã¥ ° ±Ã¤ ¼Å¡Ã¥Å½ »Ã¥  °Ã¥Å'â€"ä ºâ€ Ã¦ËœÅ½Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã¥ ° ±Ã¤ ¼Å¡Ã¥Å½ »Ã¥  °Ã¥Å'â€"ä ºâ€ Mà ­ngtiÄ n wÇ’ jià ¹ huà ¬ qà ¹ Tà ¡ibÄ›i le.Tomorrow I will have gone to Taipei. The near future is expressed with the combination of the particles è ¦  (yà  o - to intend); Ã¥ ° ± (jià ¹ - right away); or Ã¥ ¿ « (kuà  i - soon) with the particle ä ºâ€  (le): 我è ¦ Ã¥Å½ »Ã¥  °Ã¥Å'â€"ä ºâ€ WÇ’ yà  o qà ¹ Tà ¡ibÄ›i le.Im just going to Taipei. Continuing Actions When an action is continuing to the present moment, the expressions æ ­ £Ã¥Å" ¨ (zhà ¨ngzà  i), æ ­ £ (zhà ¨ng) or Ã¥Å" ¨ (zà  i) can be used, along with the particle å‘ ¢ (ne) at the end of the sentence. This can look something like: 我æ ­ £Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¥ Æ'é £ ¯Ã¥â€˜ ¢WÇ’ zhà ¨ngzà  i chÄ «fà  n ne.I am eating. or 我æ ­ £Ã¥ Æ'é £ ¯Ã¥â€˜ ¢WÇ’ zhà ¨ng chÄ «fà  n ne.I am eating. or 我åÅ" ¨Ã¥ Æ'é £ ¯Ã¥â€˜ ¢WÇ’ zà  i chÄ «fà  n ne.I am eating. or 我å Æ'é £ ¯Ã¥â€˜ ¢WÇ’ chÄ «fà  n ne.I am eating. The continuative action phrase is negated with æ ² ¡ (mà ©i), and æ ­ £Ã¥Å" ¨ (zhà ¨ngzà  i) is omitted. The å‘ ¢ (ne), however, remains. For example: 我æ ² ¡Ã¥ Æ'é £ ¯Ã¥â€˜ ¢WÇ’ mà ©i chÄ «fà  n ne.I am not eating. Mandarin Chinese Tenses It is often said that Mandarin Chinese does not have any tenses. If tenses mean verb conjugation, this is true, since verbs in Chinese have an unchangeable form. However, as we can see in the above examples, there are many ways to express timeframes in Mandarin Chinese. The main difference in terms of grammar between Mandarin Chinese and European languages is that once a timeframe has been established in Mandarin Chinese, there is no longer any need for precision. This means sentences are constructed in simple forms without verb endings or other qualifiers. When talking to a native Mandarin Chinese speaker, Westerners may get confused with this lack of continuous precision. But this confusion arises from the comparison between English (and other Western languages) and Mandarin Chinese. Western languages require subject/verb agreements, without which the language will be glaringly wrong. Compare this with Mandarin Chinese, in which a simple statement can be in any timeframe, or express a question, or be an answer.

Positive Psychology A Brief History, Critics,...

Running Head: APPLICATIONS OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 3 Positive Psychology: A Brief History, Methodology, and Application 1. Introduction 1.1. A Brief History The genealogy of positive psychology established its roots in the development of humanistic psychology in the mid-20th century. The more traditional approaches of modern psychology as developed by Freud and B. F. Skinner, respectively, are psychoanalysis, and behaviorism. One theory may suggest that the shift of the American labor movement from an industrial-based to a cognitive-cultural economy created the need for a more capable worker. As manufacturing and factory-style work diminished, sectors such as business, financial and personal†¦show more content†¦The field of positive psychology has greatly expanded the conversation regarding positive experiences, relationships and social systems. Increasingly, psychologists are including a focus on treatment which recognizes a person’s strengths, talents, and abilities comparably with their mental weaknesses and inadequacies. 2. Scientific Approach Research has greatly increased in scope and construct, creating a wide array of experimentation. According to Positive Psychology UK (2013), the goal of positive psychology â€Å"is to bring solid empirical research in areas such as well-being, flow, personal strengths, wisdom, creativity, psychological health, and characteristics of positive groups and institutions.† The research of positive psychology is produced on three principle levels – the individual level, the subjective level, and the group level. The focus of the subjective level is mainly concerned with the measurement of positive experiences such as well-being, happiness, optimism, flow, and joy. At the individual level, the objective is to identify and measure positive human traits and qualities which demonstrate a ‘life of quality’, as, for example, necessary attributes of a ‘good person’. The group level emphasizes the macro-scale of social paradigms.Show MoreRelatedPersonal Theory Paper4363 Words   |  18 PagesSpirituality in Counseling Lynn C. Ball Liberty Baptist Theological Seminary May 8, 2015 Abstract I stumbled through the first thirty-eight years of life attempting to mask the hurts caused by myself and others. I was my own worst critic fueled by raging addictions and chaos; searching to find a perfection that could never be achieved. Life was a hurricane of madness and at the center of that storm was the Father waiting for me to give Him my whole heart. The purpose of this paperRead MoreEffects of Computer Games in Students3968 Words   |  16 PagesThe first reason that teenagers play computer games too much is very simple, because computer games are very fun. 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Geography of Australia History, Government, Climate

Australia  is a country in the Southern Hemisphere, south of Asia, near Indonesia, New Zealand, and Papua New Guinea. It is an island nation that comprises the Australian continent as well as the island of Tasmania and some other small islands. Australia is considered a developed nation, and it has the worlds 12th-largest economy and sixth-highest per-capita income. It is known for a high life expectancy, its education, quality of life, biodiversity, and tourism. Fast Facts: Australia Official Name: Commonwealth of AustraliaCapital: CanberraPopulation: 23,470,145  (2018)Official Language: EnglishCurrency: Australian dollars (AUD)Form of Government: Parliamentary democracy (Federal Parliament) under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realmClimate: Generally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east; tropical in northTotal Area: 2,988,902 square miles (7,741,220 square kilometers)Highest Point: Mount Kosciuszko at 7,310 feet (2,228 meters)Lowest Point: Lake Eyre -49 feet (-15 meters) History Due to its isolation from the rest of the world, Australia was an uninhabited island until about 60,000 years ago. At that time, it is believed that people from Indonesia developed boats that were able to carry them across the Timor Sea, which was lower  in sea level  at the time. Europeans did not discover Australia until 1770  when  Captain James Cook  mapped the islands east coast and claimed the land for  Great Britain. On January 26, 1788, colonization of Australia began when Captain Arthur Phillip landed in Port Jackson, which later became Sydney. On February 7, he issued a proclamation that established the colony of New South Wales. Most of the first settlers in Australia were convicts who had been transported there from England. In 1868 the movement of prisoners to Australia ended, but shortly before that, in 1851, gold had been discovered there, which significantly increased its population and helped grow its economy. Following the establishment of New South Wales in 1788, five more colonies were founded by the  mid-1800s. They were: Tasmania in 1825Western Australia in 1829South Australia in 1836Victoria in 1851Queensland in 1859 In 1901, Australia became a nation but remained a member of the  British Commonwealth. In 1911, Australias Northern Territory became a part of the Commonwealth (prior control was by South Australia.) In 1911, Australias Capital Territory (where Canberra is located today) was formally established, and in 1927, the seat of government was transferred from Melbourne to Canberra. On October 9, 1942, Australia and Great Britain ratified the  Statute of Westminster,  which began to formally establish the countrys independence. In 1986, The Australia Act furthered the cause. Government Australia, now officially called the Commonwealth of Australia, is a federal parliamentary democracy and a  Commonwealth realm. It has an executive branch with  Queen Elizabeth II  as the Chief of State as well as a separate prime minister as head of government. The legislative branch is a  bicameral Federal Parliament  consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The countrys judicial system is based on English common law and is composed of the High Court as well as lower-level federal, state, and territorial courts. Economics and Land Use Australia has a strong economy due to its extensive natural resources, well-developed industry, and tourism. The main industries in Australia are mining (such as coal and natural gas), industrial and transportation equipment, food processing, chemicals, and steel manufacturing. Agriculture also plays a role in the countrys economy, and its main products include wheat, barley, sugarcane, fruits, cattle, sheep,  and poultry. Geography, Climate, and Biodiversity Australia is located in  Oceania  between the Indian and  South Pacific Oceans.  Although it is a large country, its topography is not too varied, and most of it consists of  low  desert plateau. The southeast, however, does have fertile plains. Australias climate is mostly arid to semiarid, but the south and east are temperate and the north is tropical. Although most of Australia is arid desert, it supports a wide range of habitats, thus making it incredibly biodiverse. Alpine forests,  tropical rainforests, and a wide variety of plants and animals thrive there because of its geographic isolation from the rest of the world. As such, 92% of its vascular plants, 87% of its mammals, 93% of its reptiles, 94% of its frogs, and 45% of its birds are endemic to Australia. It also has the greatest number of reptile species in the world as well as some of the most venomous snakes and other dangerous creatures like the crocodile. Australia is most famous for its marsupial species, which include the kangaroo,  koala,  and wombat. In its waters, around 89% of Australias fish species both inland and offshore are restricted only to the country. In addition, endangered  coral reefs  are common on Australias coast—the most famous of these is the  Great Barrier Reef. The  Great Barrier Reef  is the worlds largest coral reef system and it stretches over an area of 133,000 square miles (344,400  square kilometers.) It is made up of more than 3,000 individual reef systems and coral bays and supports more than 1,500 species of fish, 400 species of hard coral, one-third of the world’s soft corals, 134 species of sharks and rays, six of the world’s seven species of threatened marine turtles, and more than 30 species of marine mammals, including endangered species, according to the World Wildlife Fund.

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay - 1901 Words

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), triggered by exposure to a traumatic event, is a mental health condition characterized by recurrent nightmares or flashbacks, avoiding reminders/recounting the event, distorted mental processes or emotional numbing, and a persistently high state of arousal and reactivity (Institute of Medicine , 2014). While this mental disorder does appear in society as a whole, its prevalence in the U.S. military is cause for concern. Cited as the â€Å"most commonly identified psychological clinical disorder stemming from the war† (PTSD May Be Greatest Injury of War Today, 2008), in 2012, 5.2% of all service members were diagnosed with PTSD, while 8.0% of all previously deployed service members received the diagnosis (Institute of Medicine , 2014). Experiencing trauma caused by combat exposure is a relatively normal occurrence within today’s military. Nonetheless, not all soldiers will be diagnosed with or experience the side effects of PTSD. P hysicians are unsure why some individuals develop PTSD over others; however, it is believed that a mix of interrelated elements can increase the probability that exposure to a traumatic event will result in the disorder, such as inherited mental health risks and personality factors, previous life experiences and an individual’s unique chemical response(s) to stress (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014). Due to its prevalence in the military community, human service professionals (HSPs) should expect to come in contact withShow MoreRelatedPost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )990 Words   |  4 PagesPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder is a common anxiety disorder characterized by chronic physical arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts and images of the traumatic event, and avoidance of things that can call the traumatic event into mind (Schacter, Gilbert, Wegner, Nock, 2014). About 7 percent of Americans suffer from PTSD. 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Post-traumaticRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1241 Words   |  5 Pages Stanley Health April 14, 2014 Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Post traumatic stressed disorder is a mental illness caused by an enormous amount of anxiety felt after a traumatic or life-threatening accident or event. This event causes intense feelings of fear and helplessness. Studies have shown that about 5 to 6 million people suffer from PTSD. (Thomas ) About 30% of those people are war veterans. Most war veterans who have served for our country who have PTSD from the war are homeless. About

Physiology †Rabbit Ileum Free Essays

The isolated intestinal smooth muscle preparation is one of the classical preparations in physiology and pharmacology for bioassays, or the study of drug action and autonomic control of motility. This preparation is included in many â€Å"in-house† laboratory manuals of various colleges and universities around North America, and in some commercially prepared manuals deal ing with physiology and pharmacology (e. g. We will write a custom essay sample on Physiology – Rabbit Ileum or any similar topic only for you Order Now Nicpon-Marieb, 1981). Basically, the method presented in this report is a modification of the original Finkleman preparation (Finkleman, 1930) for the study of the autonomic control of intestinal motility. What is different about our approach is the method of mounting the preparation and the method of stimulation of the sympathetic nerve. The classic way of mounting the piece of intestine is to suspend it vertically in a muscle bath between an aeration tube and a recording lever. The problems with this technique are (1) stress placed on the intestine when the chamber is emptied during the process of changing solutions, and (2) difficulty in stimulating the sympathetic nerve due to the fact that the preparation is totally submerged in a physiological saline solution. We have overcome these problems by mounting the segments of gut horizontally in a shallow muscle bath. As a result, less stress is placed on the intestine during changeover of solutions, and it is easier to manipulate and to stimulate the sympathetic nerve contained within the mesentery. Also students find i t much easier to mount the preparation in the horizontal bath and are less likely to stretch the muscle preparation in the process. With these modifications we have improved the student success rate from 50-60% to 90-100%. Large recordings of the muscle contraction, such as those shown in Appendix A, are easily obtainable using a kymograph and simple lever system. In fact, another advantage of this exercise is that it does not require expensive recording equipment. How to cite Physiology – Rabbit Ileum, Essay examples

Safety Rule Management for Regulatory Burden †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Safety Rule Management for Regulatory Burden. Answer: Introduction The Australian Government established Safe Work Australia in 2008, which is an Australian government statutory body, and which focuses on developing national policy related to workers compensation and the regulation of the Work Health and Safety Act (WHS) (Safeworkaustralia.gov.au, 2017). The purpose of this report is to understand the roles and responsibilities of an officer of an organization and due diligence described under the section 27 of the Work Health and Safety Act, Australia. The chosen organization is KFC. An interview with KFC officer has been conducted. The report will review the Safe Work Australia website for understanding the roles and responsibilities of an officer, the six due diligence that an officer must follow and the definition of an officer according to the Work Health and Safety Act model. However, for maturing the purpose of this report, an interview with KFC officer has been conducted. The method includes asking for one question to the officer in the application of the each responsibility out of the six responsibilities of the designation mentioned in Due Diligence of the legislative act. Then, the report will show the results based on the interview and search recommendations to scopes to develop strategies for effective leadership. Review on the Safe Work Australia Safe Work Australia demonstrates the duties and responsibilities of an officer described in section 27 of the Work Health and Safety Act, Australia. According to the act, an officer should have responsibilities for his employees to ensure that the legislative act is applying properly. The officer is he whose decision influences the resources that have the capacity to allow the purposes of the Work Health and Safety norms (Australia, 2012). However, the Act places duty and responsibility on an officer to practice due diligence of any business operation. The officers should take logical steps that would ensure a healthy and safe work culture. An officer would ensure its workers and the organizational structure that the law has acted properly and the organization are efficient enough to manage the hazards related to the Work Health and Safety (Matsuura, 2016). The section 27 of the Work Health and Safety Act has provided the Health and Safety duty that an officer should follow to exercise the Due Diligence. Due Diligence is a corporate law that allows an officer to do some steps to follow it in his company (Lawrence, 2013). The officer should be up-to-date about the knowledge of the Work Health and Safety related matters. The officers should have an understanding of the nature of the business operation and the risks and hazards associated with it. The officer should also have an understanding of what is required for ensuring the health and safety legislation. An officer should ensure the process and the resources that eliminate the risks associated with the act. He should also ensure it that the rule is being followed properly (Zanko Dawson, 2012). The officer should have known about the appropriate processes that will allow him to receive information about the incident, hazards, risks related to Work Health and Safety and the necessary requirement to manage the risks. The officer should have known about his obligations that include proper reporting about the notifiable incidents that typically means serious infectious disease, consulting with the workers. The officer should sign an agreement that allows issues to act under the Work Health and Safety Act (. The officer should arrange training and provide instruction to the workers regarding work health and safety matters. Even the officer should be aware of whether the health and safety representative receives their entitlements to the training program (Stewart, 2013). Review of the Who is an Officer under the model Work Health and Safety (WHS) Act The section 4 of the model Work Health and Safety Act elucidate a definition of an officer of a corporation, partnership or unincorporated association. The definition has been stated in section 9 under the Commonwealth Corporations Act 2001 (Australia, 2015). An officer could also mean a director or secretary of a corporation. Otherwise, an officer means the person who participates in the decision-making process that would affect directly or partly on the business operation. An officer is able to influence effectively on the corporations financial framework (Reese, 2015). The directors use to follow the instructions of officers. The officer also could be a receiver and a manager who handles the property of the corporation. The officer sometimes also could be an administrator who instructs on the business operation. The definition according to The Corporation Act provides a similar definition of an officer for a partnership business or unincorporated association. For enquiring the due diligence of the other organization such as KFC, an interview method has been conducted. For conducting an interview with the officer of the KFC, minimum one question about the responsibilities in due diligence of the officer of that organization has been asked. The single interview question is picked and selected from each of the six responsibilities of an officer described under section 27 of the Work Health and Safety Act. The interview has been conducted for determining whether KFC acts according to the Work Health and Safety Act or not. Based on the answers from the officer of the KFC, another set of questions would be asked about what he is thinking that would help him to follow the Act and the process, which he would follow for commanding over his workers to follow the Act. The interview will also put emphasis on the process, which the organization is following in response to due diligence, and how the organization has reached in the process about the con cept of the due diligence. The results are based on the interview with an officer of the KFC organization that has been conducted for reaching the necessary understanding about the due diligence that the organization KFC is following or not. The results would be based on the interview. The interview will also provide the comparison between the Due Diligence of the officer of the KFC with the expectations of due diligence of the Australia law. The result is showing that the organization KFC is not properly following the due diligence process. The officer of the KFC stated that he is aware of the due diligence with health and safety obligations and the organization is following it. The work system is safe and it tries actively to monitor the health and safety management of the organization. According to the officer of the KFC, he is up-to-date of the health and safety matters at work. His organization takes necessary steps for minimizing the risks and the hazards and also the organization develops some strategies and necessary processes that will eliminate the hazards or the risks related to health and safety from the organization. However, the organization could not arrange any training program that would help the workers of the organization about work health and safety norms. Even, the organization could not have any structure that will provide training programs to the workers. They do not have any health and safety repre sentatives. According to the officers view, the due diligence is partly followed by this organization. However, the officer stated that the organization has some planning to start the training program soon and for fulfilling that, the training program has been structured and developed. The organization would appoint some representatives also. The officer admitted that there is a lack of communication between the authority and the workers about the Work Health and Safety matters. However, the organization has taken strategy (the training program) that would help to eradicate the communication problem. Recommendations It is recommended to the organization KFC to follow strictly all the six due diligence under the section 27 of the Work Health and Safety Act, Australia for maintaining the health and safety matters at the workplace. Due diligence is the officers duty and responsibility of an organization that should be exercised efficiently. The organization KFC is lacking to fulfil all the due diligence mentioned in the Act. It is suggested to the organization to employ a training program that would enable the workers of the organization to develop an idea about the Work Health and Safety Act and the matters associated with it (Hale, Borys Adams, 2015). The organization should organize an effective training program that would allow the workers to develop an idea about the work health and safety norms. The training program should be developed methodically and the officer should pay attention to individual worker and the knowledge they have gathered from the training program (Robson et al., 2012). Conclusion It can be concluded that the officer of any organization of Australia must exercise the Due Diligence and the legislative orders in the organization to avoid hazards related to the Work Health and Safety Act. The chosen organization should provide all the aspects of the law to its workers and the organization should develop strategies to manage hazards related to health and safety matters in the workplace. It is recommended that the chosen organization should reinforce strategies for the fullest application of the Act. References Australia, S. W. (2012).Australian work health and safety strategy 2012-2022: Healthy, safe and productive working lives. Safe Work Australia. Australia, S. W. (2015). Managing the Risks of Falls at Workplaces: Code of Practice. Safe Work Australia. Hale, A., Borys, D., Adams, M. (2015). Safety regulation: the lessons of workplace safety rule management for managing the regulatory burden. Safety science, 71, 112-122. Lawrence, G. M. (2013). Due Diligence in Business Transactions. Law Journal Press. Matsuura, H. (2016). Occupational Health and Safety. The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality Studies. Reese, C. D. (2015). Occupational health and safety management: a practical approach. CRC press. Robson, L. S., Stephenson, C. M., Schulte, P. A., Amick III, B. C., Irvin, E. L., Eggerth, D. E., ... Peters, R. H. (2012). A systematic review of the effectiveness of occupational health and safety training. Scandinavian journal of work, environment health, 193-208. Safeworkaustralia.gov.au. (2017).Home.Safe Work Australia. Retrieved 23 September 2017, from https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au Stewart, A. (2013). Stewart's guide to employment law (Vol. 3). Sydney: Federation Press. Zanko, M., Dawson, P. (2012). Occupational health and safety management in organizations: A review.International Journal of Management Reviews,14(3), 328-344.

Read chapters 8

Read chapters 8-11 of Oliver Twist Essay Read chapters 8-11 of Oliver Twist describing Olivers arrival in London and his early adventures with Fagin and his gang. How does Dickens make Olivers adventures memorable for his readers?  In this essay I am going to study the story of Oliver Twist and write about how Charles Dickens makes Olivers adventures with Fagin and his gang memorable for his readers. Dickens uses language to manipulate his readers feelings. Dickens loved the theatre and knew he could get an audience very involved by producing strong, exaggerated feelings. He uses a lot of emotive language in his story e.g. The story of Oliver Twist was written by Charles John Huffam Dickens. Charles Dickens was born on Friday 7th February 1812 at Portsmouth. He was middle lower class. His father was jailed for debt and with no one to maintain him; he was sent to work in a blacking factory. The labour force included urchins and rough working class boys; here he was forced to accept the reality of poverty.  The story of Oliver Twist is about a young boy and the story teaches the reader about the 19th century, it teaches the reader about the divisions of upper and lower classes. It teaches about how children are treated in those days and the conditions of the workhouses they are sent to work in from such young ages. It teaches you about life on the streets on London at that time. The story follows a little boy. Oliver is starved and lives on gruel; his friends decide to dare him. Oliver asks the Beadle for more and for this offence, he is removed from the workhouse and apprenticed to Mr. Sowerberry, an undertaker. Here, he meets a boy called Noah Claypole who teases Oliver. Oliver attacks Noah because of insults about his mother. Oliver runs away leaving behind the boys he grew up with and the only life he had ever known. Oliver walks to London in 7 days! When Oliver arrives in London he meets a young lad called John Dawkins, who is referred to as a charming, young gentleman. John Dawkins and is also known as the Artful Dodger. The Dodger picks him off the street and takes him to Fagin his boss. He tells Oliver he knows a place where he can stay without any lodgings and will be fed and watered. He says I know a spectable old genelman as lives there, wotll give you lodgings for nothink As they are walking through the streets of London, Dickens describes the surroundings and the path they took. This looks as if its been written by first hand experience, e.g. They crossed from the Angel into St Johns Road; struck down the small street which terminates at Sadlers Wells Theatre It is as if Charles Dickens grew up in London and remembers them very well, and is describing what he remembered of the streets of London. In this description of London he uses the sense of sight when he talks about how the states of the streets look e.g. A dirtier or more wretched place he had never seen. The street was very narrow and muddy these words can create different thoughts and images in our mind, the words he uses sets the scene as dull and ugly and not a very nice place.  Also he uses the sense of smell e.g. and the air was impregnated with filthy odours. Dickens uses this to make an impression that the air is filled with horrible smells such as rotting and decay and pollution. He uses the sense of sound e.g. heaps of children, who, even at that time of night, were crawling in and out of doors, or screaming from the inside.  There are social abuses in this such as and from several of the door-ways, great ill-looking fellows were cautiously emerging, bound, to all appearance, on no very well-disposed or harmless errands, which basically means people going out and doing no good and causing a nuisance, often getting drunk as well which at this time would have been appalling towards the upper class especially as it was very un lady like to get drunk at that time. .u428f0876a45b5783804363d9dc18f539 , .u428f0876a45b5783804363d9dc18f539 .postImageUrl , .u428f0876a45b5783804363d9dc18f539 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u428f0876a45b5783804363d9dc18f539 , .u428f0876a45b5783804363d9dc18f539:hover , .u428f0876a45b5783804363d9dc18f539:visited , .u428f0876a45b5783804363d9dc18f539:active { border:0!important; } .u428f0876a45b5783804363d9dc18f539 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u428f0876a45b5783804363d9dc18f539 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u428f0876a45b5783804363d9dc18f539:active , .u428f0876a45b5783804363d9dc18f539:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u428f0876a45b5783804363d9dc18f539 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u428f0876a45b5783804363d9dc18f539 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u428f0876a45b5783804363d9dc18f539 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u428f0876a45b5783804363d9dc18f539 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u428f0876a45b5783804363d9dc18f539:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u428f0876a45b5783804363d9dc18f539 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u428f0876a45b5783804363d9dc18f539 .u428f0876a45b5783804363d9dc18f539-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u428f0876a45b5783804363d9dc18f539:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: 12 Angry Man By Reginald Rose EssayDickens makes this seem that the description is through Olivers eyes by saying at the beginning Although Oliver had enough to occupy his attention in keeping sight of his leader, he could not help bestowing a few hasty glances on either side of the way as he passed along. This makes it sound like Oliver is describing the streets of London as hes walking through.  Dickens uses emotive language to make it clear he feels strongly about the state of London, he uses negative descriptions of London to say its not a very nice place e.g. A dirtier more wretched place he had never seen and air was impregnated with filthy odours. Also he says whe re drunken men and woman were positively wallowing in filth. He has a good use of adjectives; the words underlined dont seem very nice describing words and makes us feel uncomfortable.